Culture/Communication/Media Study

When discussing the topic of culture, many people have different ideas of what this word truly means. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines the word culture as "the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society, group, or time". There are many outside factors that play into making a culture the way it is, but the most significant of these factors are definitely communication, empathy, and media. Communication, empathy, and media are three things that go hand in hand when it comes to the topic of culture, and although there are many other factors that build the characteristics of a culture, communication, empathy and media are without a doubt the strongest of these factors.

Media is basically everywhere in the world, and it surrounds everything and everyone. Probably the biggest subdivision of culture is something called popular culture, or as most people call it, pop culture. In part one of the book Culture and Communication, Pop culture scholar Ray B. Browne defines popular culture as, "the cultural world around us, that is, our attitudes, habits, and actions: how we act and why we act; what we eat and wear; our buildings, roads, and means of travel; our entertainment and sports; our politics, religion, and medical practices; our beliefs and activities and what shapes and controls them. In other words, it is to us what water is to fish; It is the world we live in." (Culture and Communication 4). Basically, the things that surround a society or make up a society are also the building blocks for the popular culture of the given society. Another aspect of media and culture that plays a massive role in making a culture the way it is, is something called mass culture. Referring to part one of Culture and Communication again, it states, "Because of the mass mediation of our popular culture, another term, mass culture, has evolved. This refers to the things in our popular culture that are mass-produced or shared through the mass media. In America today, that represents almost everything in our popular culture. It is so difficult to think of in our modern popular culture that isn't either mass produced or promoted in the mass media that terms mass culture and popular culture have come to be used almost interchangeably." (Culture and Communication 5). This section of this book does an excellent job of explaining and defining the term mass culture, and it just shows how significant this idea of mass culture really is. Even though media plays such a huge role in shaping culture, this is not always a good thing. The fact that media has so much influence in making a culture the way it is, has lead to many people in a way conforming to what other people do, and just doing things because they are told that these things are right. One example of this can be found in the speech First as Tragedy, Then as Farce when Slavoj Žižek says, "when you go to a store probably you prefer buying organic apples. Why? Look deep into yourself. I don't think you really believe that those organic apples which cost double than the good old genetically modified apples which we all like, that they are really any better. I claim we are cynics they are sceptics. But you know it makes you feel warm that I'm doing something for our mother earth, I'm doing something for our planet and so on and so on. You get all that." (Žižek). This is just one great example of how often times people will conform to what the media tells them, such as how people buy organic apples because it makes them believe that they are truly helping the earth. Obviously, for better or for worse, media plays a massive role in the building and shaping of cultures. 

Another concept that plays a massive part in making a culture the way it is, is the concept of communication. Communication allows all types media to be spread within societies and cultures, and spread to other societies and cultures. Communication has resulted in many positive things such as the spread of music, art, sports, food, fashion; in other words the spread of culture. Having said that, to many people this spread of culture is not a positive thing at all. In the film PressPausePlay, singer-songwriter, musician, DJ, and photographer, Moby, says, "In the old days, of 30 to 40 to 50 years ago, people didn't make things, you know? So people would go to photography exhibits, people would go buy records, and there were professional artists. And now everyone is a photographer, everyone is a film maker, everyone is a writer, everyone is a musician." (PressPausePlay). When Moby said this he was referring to the fact that mass communication has given ordinary people the ability to create art, and how this is a bad thing because if everyone is creating art, then none of it will be special anymore and basically the world will just be dull. The criticism of mass communication and mass culture is not a new occurrence, it is just something that has been progressively increasing ever since the ideas of mass communication and mass culture were created. In part two of Culture and Communication, it states, "This criticism of mass culture still exists today (and in fact it seems to be increasing), with a primary focus on the mass media and their influences on society in general. Some intellectuals still believe television entertainment is "low culture" and is undermining the elite arts. Critics complain that most TV programming is nothing more than a mindless pacifier with no educational or artistic value." (Culture and Communication 32). This just shows how many people truly believe that mass media and mass communication is something that is only hurting society and culture. There are many things that are affected by mass culture that people believe to be hurting society, and that people believe to be "anaesthetic". In this context, the word anaesthetic can be explained in the speech Changing Paradigms, when Sir Ken Robinson says, "The arts especially address the idea of aesthetic experience. And aesthetic experience is one in which your senses are operating at their peak, when you're present in the current moment, when you're resonating with the excitement of this thing that you're experiencing, when you're fully alive. An anaesthetic is when you shut your senses off and deaden yourself to what's happening." (Robinson). In this citation, Robinson is referring to school, and how it is "putting children asleep" when it should be "waking them up", and how this is forming, for the lack of a better term, a boring society. Clearly, the criticism of mass culture and mass communication is something that is, and always will be, a tremendous part of both society and culture. 

One more factor that plays a huge role in shaping societies and culture, is empathy. Merriam-Webster defines empathy as "the feeling that you understand and share another person's experiences and emotions: the ability to share someone else's feelings". Even though this may seem highly unlikely, technology serves as a catalyst for empathy. Technology allows people to empathize with one another in so many ways that would not be available if it weren't for technology. One example of this can be found in The Empathic Civilization when Jeremy Rifkin says, "When that earthquake hit Haiti and Chile, but especially Haiti, within the hour the twitters came out, and within two hours cell phone videos, YouTube, and within three hours the entire human race was in an empathic embrace coming to the aid of Haiti." (The Empathic Civilization). This just shows how much power both technology and empathy have, and how strong they are when they are used together. Technology is essentially a channel that can be used to spread empathy. In the film Cragslist Joe, Joseph Garner poses the question, "Are we in a place in our society, with technology, that we can take care of each other?" (Craigslist Joe). This question just emphasizes the fact that technology gives people the opportunity to empathize with others in ways that they could not previously. Technology and empathy combine to give people the opportunity to view the lives of others, and gives them a chance to feel what they are going through. In The Power of Outrospection, Roman Kzrnaric claims, "So the 21st century needs to be different. Instead of the age of introspection we need to shift to the age of outrospection. And by outrospection I mean stepping outside yourself, discovering lives of other people, other civilizations." (The Power of Outrospection). This shows how it is very possible to view the lives of others as long as one has the right mentality, and technology and empathy are two things that can help make an individual find this mentality. Undoubtedly, empathy and technology are two things that go hand in hand and combine together to create a huge influence on the shaping of a society or culture.

When it comes to culture, it is a far more in-depth topic than most people might think. From the influence that media and popular culture have on a society, to the criticism that people have on mass media and mass culture, and to the power that empathy and technology have on people; culture is pretty much a melting pot of different factors that blend together to create everything that the human race lives by. Culture is something that is always changing, and there will always be new variables and factors that will affect culture, but in the end it is obvious that the most significant of these factors are most definitely the factors of communication, media, and empathy; and this is something that will never change.

Society

Recently, we have been getting very in depth into society and how it affects people, and just how it affects the world in general. One big thing that we discussed was the topic of Empathy. The definition of the word empathy, is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another. Empathy is a very big part of society, and plays a big role in making it the way it is today. In the speech "The Power of Outrospection" Roman Krznaric states, "Empathy can create a revolution of human relationships." This just goes to show how much influence empathy has on individuals, and how much it affects society. Also, in the speech "The Empathic Civilisation", Jeremy Rifkin says, "Humans are not soft wired for aggression, violence, self interest, or utilitarianism, but instead sociability, attachment, affection, and companionship. This basically shows how empathy is naturally programmed into all humans, and it is just a part of life.

Another aspect of society that plays a huge role in affecting people and how they act and live their lives is the idea of senses. Senses are basically the gateways that allow individuals to absorb and process information. In the speech "Changing Paradigms", Ken Robinson states that art is an aesthetic experience, and an aesthetic experience is an experience in which an individuals senses are operating at their peak, and the individual is fully "alive". He also states that anaesthetic experiences are experiences in which the senses are completely shut off. When Robinson is talking about this, he says that many of the activities people do nowadays, such as video games, mindless television shows, and using electronics such as cell phones are anaesthetic, and that these activites are in a way preventing society from moving forward in realms such as art and creativity. Another way that senses are a huge factor in society impacting people can be found in the speech "First as Tragedy, Then as Farce" when Slavoj Zizek talks about how people do not purchase things such as organic apples because they believe they taste better than normal apples, but instead because it gives them a "warm" feeling inside and makes them believe that they are helping mother earth and making the world a better place. Zizek believes that this is something that is wrong with today's society, and that all this does is satisfy people by making them believe that they are playing a big part in permanently helping a cause, but instead all they are doing is momentarily helping it. Another example of this is the shoe company Toms. For every pair of shoes that a customer purchases from this company, one pair is donated to people who are in need. Zizek believes that this is a bad thing because it makes people truly think they are helping a cause, when in reality the individual that receives the shoes is still in the same situation as they were before. Obviously, the topics of senses and empathy are two things that play a massive role in society, and how society effects not only people, but also the world as a whole.
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Culture

In class during this previous week we have studied the idea of culture in a very in depth way. Anthropologists define culture as everything that occurs in a society and all of the customs and practices handed down from generation to generation. One thing that I learned from looking deeper into culture as a whole is the fact that there are so many subdivisions and different types of culture. One example of divisions found in culture is shown in the distinct difference between different classes of culture in the middle ages, such as the difference between elite culture which consisted of things such art, literature, and classical music (elite culture was sometimes referred to as "high culture") and folk culture which consisted of things such as street carnivals, tavern drinking, and folktales. One very important factor in the difference between these two cultures is the fact that members of the elite culture could enjoy folk culture, but folk culture could not enjoy elite culture.

Another thing that I learned about culture during this past week was the fact that there are so many different types and variations of it. One type of culture that I was already fairly familiar with that we discussed was popular culture. Popular culture is defined as the culture of everyone in a society. Popular culture is basically made up of what surrounds us. Things such as attitudes, actions, buildings, entertainment, sports and religion are just a few of the factors that play into creating popular culture. Another very significant type of culture that I learned about this past week was mass culture. The term mass culture refers to the things in our popular culture that are mass-produced or shared through the mass media. Almost everything in popular culture can be represented by mass culture, simply because almost everything in popular culture is mass produced. Some examples of things in popular culture that are mass produced are sporting events, newspapers, music, video games, and other things along these lines. The only things in popular culture that are not mass produced are things that only small societies of people know about or enjoy, such as local burger joints, local musicians, or certain styles found only in a given area. It was very interesting to me to see how much there really is to culture and how much more in depth the idea of culture than what I previously thought. 

Reflection

This past week we finished reading and annotating the novel "Ceremony". We continued to focus on analyzing this book, and once again there was a very strong focus on the idea of healing in this section of the book. In this part of the book, Tayo is thinking about the ceremony that he just completed, and it said he was "testing" the feeling against the feeling he had before the ceremony. This "testing" was Tayo's way of checking whether or not the ceremony had actually affected him and successfully worked on him, and got rid of the pain in his life. Also, Tayo was worried about whether or not these affects would be permanent or if they would wear away over time. In the end of this section Tayo realizes that this ceremony could be too good to be true. He goes out with his friends and gets really drunk, which shows that his pain is not gone because he had to use alcohol to cover up this pain. Obviously, the end of this book was strongly focused on the idea of healing, and it just shows how important this idea is to Tayo, and to the native culture as a whole.

Symbolism

During this past week we have gotten very deep into the text of the novel "Ceremony", and have been focusing on deciphering the ending of this book. I have noticed that there is a very high amount of symbolism found throughout this section of the book, all of which are very important. Many of these symbols are things that have already played a huge role in this story, but I never realized what some of these things actually stood for.
One symbol that is very important throughout the whole book is the symbol of Ts'eh, but it is not until near the end of the book when she predicts what will happen to Tayo and how he can avoid being captured that it is confirmed that she is in fact a mythical creature, and in a way a symbol for the earth. Another important symbol found in this section is what the uranium mine symbolizes. Betonie told tayo that in order to cure the new illness, there had to be new ceremonies that made use of objects from the whites. Uranium is this object from the whites, and it symbolizes the relationship that the white people had with the earth , and how they felt like they could just take whatever they wanted from it. One more important symbol found in the end of this book is the symbolism that comes along with rain. Even though the rain never actually returned, it is obvious that it is going to, and this is a symbol for Tayo's troubles and problems returning even after he completed the ceremony. These are just a few of the symbols that I felt were the most important in making this story the way it was, and the ones that I felt completed this story and tied everything together.

Healing

This past week we have been focusing on analyzing the book "Ceremony" in an extremely in-depth way. The biggest topic that I felt was most important from the section that we were focusing on was the topic of healing. Specifically, the spiritual healing of Tayo. In this section of the book, Tayo is part of a ceremony that was performed as an attempt to cure him of some of the troubles in his life. After this ceremony, Tayo felt as if he had been cured, but quickly realized he might not have been correct.
Immediately after the ceremony, Tayo felt like he had been completely cured and that the ceremony worked perfectly. Even though he felt great after the ceremony, it wasn't long until he was back to drowning out the troubles in his life with things such as alcohol, instead of just dealing with them another way. Very soon after the ceremony, Tayo was pressured into going out and getting drunk with some of his friends. A big part of Tayo's problems with dealing with things in his life came from his abuse of alcohol, and more specifically how his friends are constantly pressuring him to drink, and quite frankly just don't care about Tayo and his well being. Overall, this section of the book strongly revolved around the idea of Tayo being healed, but in reality I think that Tayo is still very far from being healed.

Stress

In class this week basically what we did was focus on getting really in depth with and studying important quotes found throughout the book "Ceremony". I have noticed that many of these quotes focus on racism and how prominent it was during this time. One very significant quote found in this book that shows how much racism was really affecting Tayo's life says, "Emo had hated him since the time they had been in grade school together, and the only reason for this hate was that Tayo was part white. But Tayo was used to it by now. Since he could remember, he had known Aunite's shame for what his mother had done, and Auntie's shame for him." (Silko 57). This quote is very significant because it shows how much hate is directed toward Tayo purely because of his race, and it is actually very sad because even his own aunt is too ashamed to adopt Tayo and call him her son simply because he is part white. This is just one of the many powerful quotes that can be found in this book that portray how intense racism can be, and how severely it can affect an individual.
Another theme that was commonly found in many of the significant quotes in this book so far is related to Post Traumatic Stress and War, and how much these two things have affected Tayo's life. Throughout this book Tayo's views on war are constantly being displayed, and compared to the views of other characters in this book. One quote that perfectly displays Tayo's views is found when Tayo is talking to Emo, and the book says, "Tayo could hear it in his voice when he talked about the killing-how Emo grew from each killing. Emo fed off each man he killed, and the higher the rank of the dead man, the higher it made Emo." (Silko 61). This quote just shows the difference between Tayo and Emo, and how their views on war are basically polar opposites. Emo pretty much obsessed with war, while on the other hand it hurts Tayo to even think about it. As a result of carefully searching through this book for quotes all week, I have noticed how strongly the themes of racism and war have played into this story, and how frequently these topics are discussed, and how Tayo has received nothing but stress from the events in his life that surfaced these topics in the first place.